Early Civilian Matrix Essay Example for Free

Early Civilian Matrix Essay Early Civilizations Matrix Using your readings and outside sources, complete the following matrix. Be sure to address the following in your matrix Provide names, titles, dates, brief descriptions of important events, and other details, as necessary. Note the details of key political, socioeconomic, technological, artistic, musical, architectural, philosophical, and literary developments for each civilization listed in the table, which were evidenced in the humanities. Properly cite the sources you use in completing this matrix. The Budda tells the story of his life. Buddhism is one of the most important Asian spiritual traditions.(Buddhism, n.d.)Brahmanism and Buddhism gave rise in India to form two types of socities. (Buddhism, n.d.) Buddist influences on print technology in East Asia are far reaching.Buddist Technology, n.d.)Buddist art is the artistic practices that are solely influenced by Buddhists(Buddhism, n.d.).Buddhist music or so call Saskit Music is an orginal form of a Buddhist chant.(Buddhism, n.d.)The development of Buddhist architecture can be traced back to the introduction of Buddhism. Their main feature are temples. (Buddhism, n.d.)Buddhism philosophy is the teachings o the Buddha Buddist Philosophy, n.d.)Buddhist scriptures comprise on complicated texts. (Buddist Literature, 1982)Early Middle AgesThe political structure of the western Christendom were changing and the boundaries of the known world were expanding.(Politics in the Middle Ages, 1912)The Middle Ages were a dark age for Europe. There was rapid technology progress during this time. One big improvement was the heavy plow. (Technology in the Middle Ages, n.d.)Art saw many changes during this period. (Art in the Middle Ages, n.d.)The music of the Early Middle Ages generally consisted of the secular music of the church. (Early Middle Ages, n.d.)During the Early Middle Ages, architecture can be divided in two classes religious and military architecture. (Newman, 2008-2014)The first period in the Early Middle Ages from around 400-1000 were called the Dark Ages.(Early Middle Ages, n.d.)Latin was the language of the church and of learning. (The Middle Ages, 2010-2014)High Middle AgesThere was political stability in Western Europe in the early High Middle Ages.(Middle Ages, n.d.) The High Middle Ages began after AD 1000. The churchs became the universal and unifying institutions. (The Middle Ages, n.d.)Some technology was developed  with the heavy plow, tidal mills, and blast furnaces. (The Middle Ages, n.d.)Christ ian-oriented art architecture flourished. Crusades were mounted to recapture Holy Land. The music during this period was primarily religious in nature. The music changed after the fall of Roman EmpireDuring the High Middle Ages, architecture took many innovative changes from Romanesque style to Gothic style. (Middle Ages,n.d.)The first truly great medieval philosopher was Augustine of Hippo. The Carolingian Rennaissance led to scientific Philoshical revival of Europe.A variety of cultures influenced the litersture of the High Middle Ages. (The Middle Ages, n.d.)Late Middle AgesThe Late Middle Ages went through major political changes. These changes were marked by the rise of strong and royalty-based nation-states.(Late Middle Ages Politics, n.d.)The Late Middle Ages lead to a crisis of events in the 14th 15th centuries that brought centuries of European property growth to a halt. The mining industry under went a transition during the Late Middle Ages.Until the late 11th century, Southern Italy occupied the western border of the vast Byzantine Empire.Medieval music is Western music written in the Late Midddle Ages. This era begins wi th the fall of the Roman Empire. (Late Middle Ages Music, n.d.) Gothic style and Christian motifs dominated aret and architecture during the Late Middle Ages.(Middle Ages, n.d.)Medieval philosophers are thehistorical success of the philosophers of this era. The development of secular litersture written in the vernacular continued and accelerated in the Late Middle Ages. (Middle Ages, n.d.)Ancient GreeceAncient Greece wascomposed of mulitiple self-governing states. Political standing was determined by sex, age, foreign status, and states. ( Discovery Channel, 2010)Agriculture was difficult due to geographic necessities such as rich soil.Talos, automatic doors, steam engines, and water/air pumps. Talos was an operational robot.(Sfetos, 2002)Art during the Archac period was on a more natural level. Approved greek artists worked in jewelry making, metal working, ivory carving, and gem cutting. (The Metropolitian Museum of Art, 2000-2001)Lyric poetry and short songs with musical instruments. Poems to be sung by a chorus on sacred or ritual occasions. (King, n.d.)Donic Ionic principals. Columns were very popular in the Ancient Greece period.( The Metropolitian Museum of Art, 2000-2001) In Ancient Greece only free men born in the city were all owed to vote. They were able to enter political  debates.( Philosphy Politics of Ancient Greece, 2002-2011)Poetry was created far before literature and writings. Poetry was intented for singing and reciting. (Greek Literature, 2001)Ancient RomanThe ancient government was very similar to that of greeks. The Roman Empire was under one man rule until the beginning of time.(UNRV.com, 2003-2014)Slave-based economy. Agriculture and trade dominated the Roman economy. (UNRV.com, 2003-2014)Aqueducts, sewage systems and major technological achievements. The aqueducts brought water into the city of Roman and supplied water to some of the fountains.(Roman Technology, n.d.)Murels and large wall paintings were popular forms of art within Anciet Roman. Stautes, portraits, and sculptures were also important art forms.(The Art of Ancient Roman, n.d.)Romans took musical influence from those they conquered. Music in this time period was generally performed and associated with the military.( The Music of Ancient Rome, n.d.)Architecture was an essential part of the Roman period. Arches and columns of many different shapes and sizes became fluent within the city. (The Art of Ancient Rome, n.d.)By 50 BC, Romans began writing philosophy. Much of the Roman philosophy mocked greek philosophy. (Carr, 1998-20 11)Roman literature began as dramas, which began with no song or dialogue. It was much later, Rome began to see both comedies and tragedies played out by Roman Writers.(Roman Colosseum, 2008)ChinaAncient China had a government ruled by dynasties, sometimes united under on dynasty. China was ruled by emperors.The people of China were arranged in different social classes based on their economic status. (Ancient China History, n.d.)Ancient China was technically advanced in iron-making. Ancient Chian was also advanced in other technological fields.Chinese art is a visual art as we know it today. Traditional Chinese music can be traced back 7000-8000 yrs based on a bone flute made in Neolothic ( Discover.com, n.d).They lived in small houses made of mudbrick with only one room and dirt floors.(Discovery.com)Neo-Confuciumism became highly popular during this era.People in China started writing about 1500 BC. IndiaThe identity and unity of its government belong to the Ancient Vedic Age. The system goes back 5000 years or more. The customs, beliefs, and practices we re quite different during the Ancient India. The modern numeration system was developed. The art work during the India Era, consisted of sared murals and photographs.The Birthplace of Indiam musical  Ragu and Swwarus.The architecture was a very unique style. Earliest architecture dated back to 2500 BC.The Bhagavad Gita is revered as a sacre text of Hindu. The Republic has 22 officially recognized languages.Judaism1st century Judaism was a cauldron of resentment and frustration.(Jadaism Politics, n.d.)Concerned with caring for the needy people of there society. Looks at remedying the situation of poverty.(Judaism Economist, n.d.)Technology helped them in understanding the commandments betterMterial on the art formation is extremely rare. Investigastions lead to pottery, seal-engraving, metal cast, and sculpture.Jewish music stems from Ancient prayer chants of the Levant some 3000 years ago.Synagogue architecture followed styles in vogue for artistic expression.(Jewish Architecture, n.d.)Early Jewish Philosophy drew heavily from Plato, Aristotle, ans Islamic philosophy.H ebrew literature consists of ancient, medieval, and modern writings in Hebrew language.Early ChristianEarly Christians fell within the boundaries of the Roman Empire. The citizens within the Roman Empire generally made offerings to the state Gods and Godesses. (Early Christian History, n.d.)Much Earl Christianity was underground, the economy and society was the same as the Roman Empire. Christianity was no ant acceptable religion. Individuals remained a part of the Roman Empire.(UNRV.com,2003-2011)The technology used was similar to the Roman Empire. Aqueducts, sewage systems and amphitheaters were some of the greatest technological achievements .Art included decorations of the hidden places of worship. Early artists focused on portraying the Christians Beliefs.Music was discreet, Early Christian music came in the form of chants an versus.Early archecture was primarily for churches. This included the Basilica Church. The churches were primarily made of regular brick and marble.(Early Christian Architecture, n.d.)Early Christian wss derived from may subcuktures within the Roman Empire. The Christian church was a place for new ideas. (Graham,2011)Early literature included the New Testament, which was a collection of these writings. This included documentation of the early movement the words and death of Jesus. (TroxelIslamTotal tarianism seeks total political control. Not solely a religious movement.The Islamic economy was primarily dependent on trade between China, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. (Carr, 1998-2011)The piston pump was created in 1206 AD. The pump enabled water to travel underground to surface  by means of pressure.(History of Science And Technoloy in Islam, n.d.)Islamic Art was primarily in pottery from potters used metal-based glazed on their pottery. (Carr, 2008-2011)Music took on a multi-cultural approach between 661-750 AD. Arab music had great influences.In the late 600s AD, they began to build mosques and oalaces. (Carr, 1998-2011)Islamic litersture was not always in existent. Arabic was primarily spoken and rarely written until after 1000 AD(Carr, 1998-2011) Use a list format of complete sentences rather than paragraphs. Do not copy and paste from outside resources. The following are two examples of the level of detail and documentation expected for this assignment Ancient Egyptian politics The union of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer in 3150 B.C.E. is commemorated in a 2-foot high slate known as the palette of Narmer (Sayre, 2013, pp. 3233). Ancient Greek architecture Minoan society The three-story palace a t Knossos was a labyrinthine masonry structure with dozens of rooms and corridors built around a central courtyard (Sayre, 2013, pp. 4344). Include a reference page if you are using sources other than the textbook.

Marlows Assessment of Africa in Conrads Heart of Darkness :: Heart Darkness essays

Marlow's Assessment of Africa in Heart of Darkness   Ã‚   Marlow's assessment of the African wilderness in the beginning of the story is like that of something that tempts him and his fellow explorers to Africa. When Marlow says, "And as I looked at the map of it in a shop-window, it fascinated me as a snake would a bird - silly little bird" (Conrad, Longman 2196). If we take note of the phrase "silly little bird" it may be noted that the Marlow is comparing Britain to that silly little bird. It could be that he felt Britain's occupancy of Africa was nothing more than his own country falling into a trap. It was not a designed trap but one of destiny. It was his countries destiny to fall prey to the allures of that Dark Continent. Millions would die in the attempt to make monetary gains while occupying Africa.    When Marlow mentions "the whited sepulcher" he could be referring again to his homeland, and when he makes this statement he may be referring to the fact that Britain has sent many of its people to be buried in that deep and mysterious place referred to as the Congo. According to YourDictionary .com, the word sepulcher means, "to bury" (YourDicitonary.com). In combination with the word white, referring to his Caucasian race, could Marlow be referring to the death of his fellow countrymen, or could he be referring to the death of a continent, Africa, at the hands of the white race invading her? These thoughts may both have validity when deciphering this text. When Marlow describes the, "Two women, one fat and the other slim, sat on straw-bottomed chairs, knitting black wool" he may be describing the future of two races combined in utter disarray in Africa. He may be using the "black wool" as something akin to insight into what future had in store for millions of people both black and white in the Congo (Longman 2197). The "black wool" may be referring to black shards for covering the dead. It may also be an idea of not human death but the death of an area such as the Congo. He may have been sensing that the influx of his own countrymen may be taking away the spirit of that wild and forbidden Congo. Marlow's utterance of, "guarding the door of Darkness, knitting black wool as for a warm pall, one introducing, introducing continuously to the unknown, the other scrutinizing the cherry foolish faces with unconcerned old eyes" could give more clues to Marlow's characterization of the African wilderness (Longman 2198).

Management of a Software Development Project Essay

Introduction Many years ago, general services offered by hotels like dinner reservations, room reservations and other services were done manually. Most hotels used books, ledgers and papers to record names of guests, their duration of stay and contact details. This required a lot of effort and time. Since the advent of the information age however, dynamic and interactive websites have been introduced which have more efficient and faster technological features and capabilities for the management of hotel services. For any business to remain competitive, it is necessary to maintain an online presence in order to reach out to customers all over the world and compete on a global platform. Reservations and payments are now done online to ensure that conduction of business is faster and more convenient for customers. Definition of Project Management A project is a temporary endeavor that is done to generate a unique product or service (Duncan 1996). Project Management is an activity that involves the overall supervision, management and co-ordination of all activities related to accomplishing a set activity. It always has a start and a finish date. According to Whitten, Project Management is a process that starts at the beginning of a project, is conducted throughout a project and doesn’t end until after the project is completed (2001).   According to Duncan (1996), Project management is the application of knowledge, skills, tools and techniques to activities to fulfill stakeholders’ needs and expectations. It usually involves finding a balance among scope, time, cost, quality, and varying expectations of stakeholders. Another definition of Project Management is â€Å" the process of scoping, planning, staffing, conducting, directing, and managing the development of a system at an affordable cost within a specified time frame† (Whitten, Bentley & Dittman 2001, p.124). Importance of Project Management According to Dr Malcolm Wheatley, â€Å"Project management as a management discipline, supports much economic activity.† In major industries like Information Technology, Software Development, Construction, Pharmaceuticals, and Aerospace, project management is fundamental. Project Management is also important in governments that have set goals and milestones which can only be achieved with effective management practices. Data from the Bureau of Economic Analysis of the US Department of Commerce, estimated in 2001 that the US companies spend $2.3trn on projects every year (2000).   Project management is important in any economic activity because it ensures adequate planning, scheduling and successful execution of a project; it also helps to reduce possible risks associated with a project and ensure minimal hitches. Project Management is indeed important to every economy. Many projects fail because of poor knowledge of Project Management concepts. Its relevance cannot be over emphasized. Role of the Project Manager The project manager is in charge of daily management and supervision of the project. He manages the project to ensure that things go according to plan. He also communicates with all stakeholders and project team members to ensure that there’s a clear understanding of general requirements. The project manager confirms users’ requirements to make sure that these requirements are incorporated into the end-product. A project manager engages in scoping, planning, staffing, organizing, scheduling, directing, controlling and closing a project (Whitten 2001, p.127). Swot Analysis The Regency Hotels has several strengths that serve as advantages. It has the potential to expand its services to customers internationally due to the number of branches it has, internet availability and its unique services. It is also strategically located, can leverage on its positioning and has a wide customer base. Its two major weaknesses are: 1) it has a static website which cannot provide interactive functions like online payments, online reservations, message boards, fan clubs, and so on. 2) It does not have skilled IT staff in-house that can manage the online system when it is eventually deployed. There are however, opportunities for it to become one of the best hotels in the world by maintaining a consistent and interactive global presence.   Increased competition is the major threat to Regency Hotels. Most hotels today, have a strong online presence that offers customers various services that make their experiences with the hotel more memorable and convenient, like booking and paying online. Regency Hotels is yet to rise to the challenge. Development methodology The software development methodology to be adopted for the production of this system is the waterfall method. This is an approach to software development that specifies that a project should be grouped into phases and one phase must be completed before the next. The project is carried out in a logical manner through a pre-determined number of steps. This method is preferred because the duration of the project is only two weeks and the requirements are clear.   With the waterfall method, project reviews are conducted between stages, which represent milestones. This provides an organized scenario that ensures required documentation and quality management of the developed application is carried out (Sorensen 1995). Project Scope The project scope definition involves clarifying the boundaries of the project. Regency Hotels in addition to available technological features like retrieving customers’ information, billing, checking for room availability, desires a system with added capabilities of online booking and payment. This project involves building a system that can accept online booking and payment options by customers. A portal will be developed to include the following features: Online reservations, online payment, checking room availability, checking in, checking out, discussion group and general information on the hotel. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) will be added to the website to provide for added security when paying online; search functions will be provided on web pages to check for room availability and booking; e-mail and discussion group facilities will be included to facilitate communication between customers and the hotel; and other technological features from the available website will be incorporated into the new portal to ensure that a robust system that meets the expectations of Stakeholders at Regency Hotels is built. The final system will be deployed at the hotel and tested. Staff members that need to be trained will be identified and educated on how to use the system. The change management process will be made easier for staff of Regency Hotel by ensuring that they are adequately trained, resources are provide to assist them, and maintenance/ support plans are put in place. Result of using COCOMO model to estimate effort, duration and number of people required. The Constructive Cost Model, known as COCOMO was developed by Barry Boehm in 1981. It is based on the waterfall model and is used for estimating the number of person and months needed to develop software. It also estimates the development schedule in months. The development mode for this project is organic because it is a small and straight-forward one. A small team with sufficient experience work together to develop the portal system (Merlo-Schett 2002). COCOMO is defined in terms of three basic models: The Basic model, the Intermediate model and the detailed model. The KDSI is the size of the project in Kilo delivered source instructions. These are source lines that are created by the project team. Using the Intermediate COCOMO I, calculation is done as follows: Required: Portal system for online payment and booking Development Effort (MM) = a * KDSI b Effort and development Time (TDEV) =     2.5 * MM c With organic mode of development, a = 3.2, b = 1.05, c = 0.38 4 modules to implement: Data entry – 0.5 KDSI Data update – 0.3 KDSI Online Reservations – 0.8 KDSI Online Payment – 0.7 KDSI System SIZE 2.3 KDSI MM = 3.2 * 2.3 1.05   = 7.7 TDEV = 2.5 * MM c = 2.5* 7.7 0.38 = 5.4 (Project needs more than 5 months to complete) Number of people to be hired = MM/TDEV = 7.7/5.4 = 1.4 (This means that more than one team member is needed to execute the project). The major shortcoming of the above calculation is that value of the KDSI used is approximate (Merlo-Schett 2002). Hardware and Software Requirements At least four separate computers will be needed for building the portal, testing it and hosting it.   Softwares like Macromedia Dreamweaver, Java, PHP, SQL Server and Visual Basic .NET will be needed for building the portal. A central server for hosting and managing user connections to the portal will also be required.   Work Breakdown Structure Work Breakdown Structure shows the hierarchical decomposition of projects into phases, activities and tasks (Whitten 2001, p.135). SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION 1.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify sponsors and stakeholders 1.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Meet with sponsors and stakeholders to clarify system requirements 1.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Produce Software Requirements Specification Draft 1.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sign-off on software requirements TECHNOLOGY SPECIFICATION 2.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine hardware and software needed for developing the system 2.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Procure hardware and software needed for system development 2.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Set-up hardware and software for use SCOPE MANAGEMENT 3.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop a written scope statement as a basis for future project decisions 3.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Verify Scope of the Project with sponsors 3.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Perform Scope Change Control to prevent scope creep COST & SCHEDULE MANAGEMENT 4.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop an estimate of project costs 4.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule Meeting with Stakeholders to agree on cost and deadline 4.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Receive Payment from Stakeholders 4.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Allocate cost estimates to individual work items 4.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate actual versus projected schedule 4.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Control changes to project budget to avoid going over the budget 4.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Compare actual and budgeted costs 4.8  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule Development 4.9  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Schedule Control HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PHASE 5.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify Project Roles/Conduct Organizational Planning 5.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine Skills of People needed to develop system 5.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine number of people to work on the project 5.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Recruit Project Team Members 5.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Engage staff with appropriate skills 5.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop individual and group skills to enhance project performance ACTIVITY MANAGEMENT PHASE 6.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop activity list for project team members 6.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sub-divide major project deliverables into smaller components 6.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Assign Team Members to tasks and deliverables 6.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Supervise activities within the project team 6.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate Performance and Productivity 6.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Update activity list as necessary 6.7  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conduct meetings and review status reports on software development PROJECT OFFICE ADMINISTRATION 7.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Attend to daily activities or events concerning the project 7.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   General project supervision PROJECT COMMUNICATIONS 8.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determine information and communication needs of stakeholders 8.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Provide information to stakeholders in a timely fashion 8.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Put contact details of all team members and stakeholders into the database 8.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Performance reporting to stakeholders through status reports, progress measurement and forecasting 8.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Set up meetings with project team members 8.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Develop status reports for the project RISK MANAGEMENT 9.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify all possible risks within the project and effects on project 9.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Define steps for responding to threats 9.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Respond to changes in risks during the course of the project QUALITY MANAGEMENT 10.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identify quality standards relevant to the project and how to satisfy them 10.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evaluate overall project performance 10.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Define Quality Assurance Specifications 10.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Code and check the system for compliance with quality standards 10.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Test System to make sure it fits clients’ requirements Hand-Over of Project 11.1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ensure adherence to client requirement 11.2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conduct Customer Acceptance Tests 11.3  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Review Software User Manuals 11.4  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sign off & Certify Solution Development 11.5  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Submit Project Close-out Report 11.6  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Terminate Project Project scheduling (Please refer to attached Microsoft Project document for dependency between activities, network diagram, critical path and Gantt chart) A Project network diagram displays the logical relationships of project activities. A Gantt chart is a horizontal bar chart that shows tasks against timelines. Each bar is equivalent to a project task. Gantt charts show, tasks that can be performed at the same time (Whitten 2001, p.128).Any tasks on the critical path cannot be delayed. Name of Activity  Ã‚      Duration Starting Date    Finishing Date    Software Requirement Specification 1 Day Wed 4/23/08 Wed 4/23/08 Technology Specification       1 Day Thu 4/24/08 Thu 4/24/08 Scope Management       10 Days    Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08       Cost & Schedule Management       12 Days Wed 4/23/08 Thu 5/8/08 Human Resources Management Phase 8 Days Wed 4/23/08 Fri 5/2/08       Activity Management Phase       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Project Office Administration       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Project Communications       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Risk Management       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Quality Management       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Hand-Over of Project       10 Days Wed 4/23/08 Tue 5/6/08 Possible risks related to the software development project Every project has its own share of risks. Risks associated with this project are outlined below: The period of time given for the execution of the project is short. The COCOMO model shows that a project of such magnitude requires at least 5 months for completion. There is a risk of the project exceeding the time frame allocated by the stakeholders. User requirements may change or expand during the duration of project. There is a risk of having to accommodate changes to the design of the portal. This is known as scope creep and may affect the schedule and budget (Whitten 2001). With the obvious need to procure softwares for the development of the portal system, resources like time and money may not be sufficient. There is a risk of taking short cuts around the system development methodology in order to meet the deadline and not exceed the budget. This might affect the quality of the final product. Another potential risk is that of feature creep. This refers to the uncontrolled addition of technical features to a system that is being developed without regard to schedule and budget (Whitten 2001, p.125). A portal system is a robust application that is designed to fulfill various needs of an organization. The temptation to add more features is always a prevalent risk There is the risk of a team member resigning from the project. This will cause a considerable loss of time. There is also the risk of insufficient communication within the project team which may lead to misunderstanding of customers’ requirements, and cause a deviation from the project plan, budget and schedule. Project Monitoring Project monitoring involves supervising the project throughout its lifecycle. This is important in order to know how things are going and to solve any problem that may arise during the course of the project. This can be done via meetings, emails, reports on progress and finances and also by observing project management best practices. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Applying the principles of Project Management to the development of the portal system at Regency Hotels will go a long way to ensure that the objectives are met on time, within budget and that the software product will be of the desired quality. Project Management is a crucial practice that should be encouraged in every sector of the economy. It ensures that money, energy and time are not wasted on failed projects. With sufficient project management practices in place, stakeholders and contractors can conduct businesses without bothering about the hitches involved with long-term projects. Regardless of the end product, which could be a new service, product or knowledge, project management ensures that a successful outcome is achieved within the available resources and time frame. References Whitten, JL, Bentley, LD, & Dittman, KC 2001, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, 5th edn, Mc Graw-Hill, New York. Wheatley, M 2000, The Importance of Project Management, Project Smart. Available from: [22 April 2008] Sorensen, R 1995, A comparison of Software Development Methodologies, Software Technology Support Centre. Available from: [24 April 2008] Duncan, WR 1996, A Guide to Project Management Body of Knowledge, PMI Standards Committee. Available from: [24 April 2008] Merlo-Schett, N 2002, ‘COCOMO Constructive Cost Model’, Proceedings of the seminar cost estimation W 2002/2003, pp. 1-24. Available from: [22 April 2008].   

Role Of Preventive Action Principle And Sustainable Principle International Law Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2423 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Ecology Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Role of Preventive Action Principle and Sustainable Principle in Success of International Environmental Law Aim of international environmental law The main aim of international environmental law is to stop the pollution. Pollution never thinks about the political boundaries, making international law an important feature of environmental law. International environment law was measured to be a fine specialty within the field of international law. Now it has become a field in its own right, especially on sea pollution, wildlife law, climate change, freshwater resources, sustainable development, and chemicals, with others. International environment law is developed, applied, and enforced on the matter of international environmental law itself. Processing issues have established increased attention in recent years.  [1] Background The environment rules from 1970 to 1980 was firstly noticeable by the risks to deal with individual conditions, followed by central stage being given to stop harm to the environment happening in the period. The agenda of the Federal Governments 1971 environment policy was important, which were in future to be accomplished by active administrative law in international environmental law. The main aim was to protect the environmental needs to continue healthy and to live a life in human self-worth and to save the water, soil, air and trees from pollution. The real aim was the removal of harm and detriment affected to the environment by human activities which came in more forcefully in the front only in the 1980s as a result of specific cases of harm, and became known as the clean-up problem.  [2] There are many historical stages that go to make up modern environmental law. This is all because of environmental law has been quickly developed in concern to environmental problem. This fast change in the world through the industrialisation and economic development go side by side with the scientific discoveries having a very good impact on the environment of the world. But there is one thing which cannot be overlooked that the each country has made its own special support to t he international environmental law. For this the international organizations made some general principle and rules of international environmental law that guide and affect the shape of international environmental law. The general principal and rules of international environmental law as reflected in the treaties, the binding acts of international organizations, state practice, and soft law commitments are main basis of international environmental law. These principles are applicable to international communitys all members through the variety of activities which they carry out or authorize and in respect of protection of all aspects of the environment. Article 3 of the 1992 climate change convention lists `principles intended to guide the parties. The EC treaty, as modified in 1986, 1992 and 1997, sets forth principle and rules of general application in article 174(2) (formerly article 130r)  [3] During my research I found that there are many principles and rules in internati onal environmental law and its very difficult for me to describe all the principles and rules of international environmental law. Therefore I want to concentrate specifically on preventive action principle and sustainable principles of international environmental law. Principal of preventive action The main aim of this principle is requiring the prevention of damage to the environment, and to reduce, limit or control the actions which might cause or risk such harm. This aim sometimes called as principle of preventive action or preventive principle. In the preventive principle a state may be under a responsibility to avoid harm to the environment within its jurisdiction. The preventive principle requires step to be taken at an early stage and, if it is possible then before harm has actually happened. the preventive principle is supported by an extensive body of domestic environmental protection legislation which establishes authorisation procedures ,as well as adoption of inter national and national commitments on environmental standards, access to environmental information and need to carry out environmental impact assessments in relation to conduct of certain proposed activities. This principle say that state have the duty to guarantee the activities within their jurisdiction or control do not cause harm to the environment of other state or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction. The preventive principle is always related to the precautionary principle.  [4]  This Preventive approach has been recommended indirectly or directly by the 1972 Stockholm declaration, the 1978 UNEP draft principle and the 1982 world charter for nature. Preventive approach is also recommended by the many international treaties with the aim to stop the damages to the environment like 1933 London Convention, art. 12(2), 1963 Test ban treaty, 1992 Climate change convention, art 2 and many others.  [5] This principle has been confirmed by Hungary v Slovakia cas e.  [6]  The famous Gabcikovo Nagymaros Case under this both Hungry and Slovakia were in breach of their obligation under treaty signed on September 16,1977 between the countries about the building and process of the Gabikovo Nagymaros system of locks on the river Danube. Hungary adjourned, next abandoned completion of project by saying that it involved serious risk to the Hungarian environment and the water supply of Budapest. The court said that it was careful that in the field of the environment protection, awareness and stoppage are essential on the account of the often irreversible character of harm to the environment and of the limitation essential in the very instrument of compensation to this type of harm. There was no trouble in knowing that the concerns stated by Hungary for its natural environment in the region affected by the project related to a necessary interest of the state. The court gave an advice to both the parties that the parties together should look once again at the effects on the environment due to operation of the Gabcikovo power plant. In particular both the parties had to find a satisfactory outcome for the capacity of water to be released into the old bed of the Danube and into the side arms on both sides of the river. This case is good example of preventive principle. State is under a duty to prevent damages to the environment within its jurisdiction. another good example of preventive principle is from India where in Ajeet Mehta v State of Rajasthan  [7]  where in the residential area of Rajasthan non -petitioner caused pollution in the whole locality by stoking of different kinds of fodder, and by their loading and unloading. Petitioner field a complaint against this that inhalation of such particles causes a health hazard. The Jodhpur city magistrate said that business in fodder was producing a health threat to the neighbours and ordered to close the business at that place. The businessman filed a revision petition ag ainst this decision. On the revision petition court said that keeping of fodder created pollution in the atmosphere. The court gave order to remove stoking of fodder and closed the business of fodder in that area for this task court granted him six months time. Sustainable Development Principle The term Sustainable development was used at the time of Cocoyoc declaration on environment and development in the early 1970s. From that time it has become the symbol of international organisation committed to succeeding in environmentally compassionate or valuable development. To be sustainable, development must possess both ecological and economical sustainability .This indicates the way in which the developmental planning should be approached  [8]  . Sustainable development is normally measured to be created by the 1987 brundtland report which defined it as development that meets the requirements of present without compromising the capability of future generation to meet their o wn needs the sustainable development comes within two concepts; first says that it is the concept of requirements in particular the essential requirements of worlds poor to which prime priority should be given and second one says that it is the idea of limitation imposed, by the state of technology and social organisation on the environments ability to meet present and future needs. Many international instruments and treaties and decision of all international court have supported directly and indirectly to the principle of sustainable development and the principle that state have the responsibility to make sure the use of natural resources should be sustainably done. The brundtland definition clearly shows that the aim of sustainable development is on improving the quality of life for human without increasing the use of natural resources beyond the capability of the environmental to supply them indefinitely.  [9]  In of the famous case on the sustainable development is Gabcikovo -Nagymaros case  [10]  where ICJ said that in the past natural resources used without paying any attention to its impact upon the environment. But with the passing of the time there has been a significant development of scientific knowledge .people have begun to understand the true nature of environmental pollution .new rules and regulation have been introduced to protect the environment. Every country must abide by the rules to confirm sustainable development. In the present case the parties must considers the demerits of the Gabcikovo power plant. The parties must ensure that the Danube river-bed gets sufficient water.it is also important that the side-arms on the both side of the river receives adequate water supply. Alan Boyle says that there is no clear reference to sustainable development in the Rio-declaration .he says that essential points are that while identifying that the right to follow economic development is a characteristic of a states sovereignty over its own nat ural resources and territory. It cannot be applied lawfully without concern for the environment. Under this neither human rights nor environment protection decide the right to economic development. He said that sustainable development covers two elements which are substantive and procedural elements. The substantive elements are set out mostly in the principle 3-8 of the Rio declaration and procedural elements are found in the principle 10 and 17 dealing with public participation in decision-making. He further discuss a theory of inter-generational equity which wants every generation to develop and use its natural and cultural custom in such a way that it can be passed on to the in no worse condition than it was expected.  [11]  the right to follow economic development is an aspect of a states sovereignty over its own natural resources and territory is confirmed by the shrimp/turtle case  [12]  where WTO appellate body noted that preamble of WTO settlement clearly recognises the objective of sustainable development and characterises that it is an idea which has been usually recognised as integration social and economic development and environmental protection. The conclusion is that the sea turtles are an exhaustible natural resources and that they have enough link with the united states to explain the final states maintenance actions in the principle. John clearly says about the features of sustainable development. He said that sustainable principle sets the agenda for the benefit of future by attempting to guarantee that environment harm is controlled and environment resources are protected. This contains attempting to settle the conflicting demand of economic and social development against environment and resources protection. It confirms that benefits of any development compensate its costs including environment costs.  [13]  There are some noticeable principles of the sustainable development as culled out from the Brundtland report and other i nternational documents like Rio declaration and agenda 21 are following: Inter-Generational Equity, Use and Conservation of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection, Precautionary Principle, The Polluter Pays Principle, Eradication of Poverty, Obligation to Assist and Co-Operate, Financial Assistance to the Developing Countries.  [14] Moreover it can be said that the duties are best common provision relating to the sustainable development. But the modern provisions are much stronger than their predecessors. But no ordinary method of liability is still there at present. The asset of the provisions differs extremely but all include certain part of decision. There are laws where sustainable development is the main liability but in most cases it is one of several duties or objectives. Some laws include qualifications and devices for arranging between duties but in others that is left to the decision maker. There is proof that in some laws the sustainable development obligation can act as the device for matching other obligations or ideas. In those cases, it could be understood as a lawful decree and provide a much required program for policymaking.  [15]  In the 2002 the 10th earth conference in the Rio supported the theory of sustainable development. When the theory has remained popular among the business and government very few efforts has been done to implement it. At the time of world meeting on sustainable development in the Johannesburg they implemented a proposal if implementation however unfortunately unsuccessful to deliver exact direction.  [16] Conclusion It can be argued that the existing preventive principles are not themselves sufficient to cope with the challenge of climate change because we have already reached a point where lot of damage to our environment have already been done. But it still remains as the primary solution since the sustainable development solutions cannot improve the status quo. In ad dition to that tougher rules need to be introduced on the part of the states. For that there has to be strong political will and determination. But whatever steps are taken, they must be taken based on comprehensive ground research and expert analysis. Again political will is important as we have seen in relation to the latest Copenhagen conference, no feasible and concrete deal was done to fight the global climate crisis. For taking up preventive and precautionary initiatives as well as sustainable development programs domestically, the government of a state is required to have similar determination. Such initiatives are also likely to create many domestic challenges. The challenges can come in the form of both social and economic. For example, if a country bans the use of poly-bags because of having faulty recycling system and wants to introduce better alternatives such as paper bags, it must ensure enough supply of paper. To do so, they cannot create additional pressure on their natural resources to produce more paper; they must introduce the technology of producing recycled paper out of wastes. Thus they will be required to bring in an updated waste management system. It has been mentioned above that this type of changes are both social and economic. In case of many of these reforms, there has to be changes in the habit of the people of that particular country and for bigger reforms that country will also require a healthy budget. In the end it can be submitted that although a significant amount of recognised laws and principles exists, there are lots of unsettled areas where countries must come into agreement and plan out definitive solutions. Nevertheless, due observance of the existing rules can undoubtedly take us one step further in fighting this mounting global environmental threat. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Role Of Preventive Action Principle And Sustainable Principle International Law Essay" essay for you Create order